The Wall and the Books :: Jorge Luis Borges

In The Wall and the Books, the essay which belongs to Other Inquisitions, Borges mentioned an interesting historical clue. The offshoot Old China Emperor, Shih Huang Ti, burnt all antique books for abolishing the History and the past and, by other hand, he built the long China Wall for the barbarians were be taken off, when they were threatening from North.But this great first essay of this great book ende with an emotive, lightful phrase, this inminent revealment neer happen, perhaps is the aesthetical occurrence.Then lets reassure the looking fancies that Borges viewed at this smart essay. If we didnt pay enough attention to this last phrame, perhaps we couldnt mean the real meaning. If we think of the aesthetical detail (that) never happen we will probably find that that never happen is because it doesnt have any contain as proper Borges said, and then this fact with no contains would hide something. It means the aesthetical, the aesthetic borned from weird and too familiar causes. The german word heimlich referrences to this both significances. That never happen is due to only rests for waiting. waiting for a symbol or something that would rescue us from the ignorance. According to Schopenhauer the aesthetic is the saving element for reach out from the circle of the Will, for Borges, instead, the aesthetic is almost that never happen, or something we lost for ever and ever, or something that always announcing something that never will occur. For Borges the aesthetic is the dark shades system of the proper shapes, something like a move furious ghosts troop, and like this, the shapes nothing have to do, just to behold in the plenty eternal silent, where they nothing cant change at all.Then, that never happen finds some referrence. That will never come back or, we wouldnt recognize it or we never met each other. The aesthetical fact is an operation which serves for weaken the sex and death away the main myths of Humanity. Otherwise the aesthetical fact serves to own the place and time and all things belongs to the uncertain as Todorov said, where is too liberal to fork.However this wide world keeps on the same. According to Borges the aesthetical fact is used to hide, to sham the unknown bedimmed rules that conform the reality. But Borges called aesthetical in some sense, in an inversed mode. In this case the aesthetic isnt mere, gentle and delicate shapes.

Children of the City :: essays research papers

Water Imagery in Children of the CityRain has always been an important symbol in life. It is one of very(prenominal) few actions that can be both destructive and harsh, but at the same time constructive and life-giving. Throughout literature the visual image of pelting is usually connected to feelings of sorrow, death, and despair. The most commonly known example of this would be in Hemingways Farewell to Arms. Hemingway uses the rain to tell of peoples negative emotions, so it is easy to take that idea into other readings. Outside of literature, however, rain is seen as being connected to positive thoughts of growth, prosperity and cleansing. In this story of adolescent come the author uses the presence of water to saturate the subjects with these positive feelings.At the beginning the author introduces the rain as urban in contrast to field or shore rain. Immediately the image of urban rain is less threatening than that of a field or shore. It gives the reader a playful image of around being teased by the rain. In the city one has to hide from it and jump from umbrellas to awnings, yet never has to worry about the danger of being caught in it for too long. These playful and teasing characteristics of the rain are the exact guidelines to the family relationship between the two main characters. The rain repre directs the couples emotion and they taste with it just like in a real adolescent relationship. They see how long they can be drenched by its passion, nevertheless they return to the overhangs non knowing how a lot of it they can handle. Looking at it in a biblical sense, the rain is both destructive to them and helping their relationship grow. God sent the flood down to man because of our sins causing much destruction, but at the same time giving us a rebirth and purification. Too much rain may flood their relationship with emotion however this urban rain teases them and lets them feel free and pure. The idea of the rain giving growth to their rel ationship is seen in the lines ending a scrawny tree, and their forested way. Alone they are fruitless and scrawny, yet together they are given life by the rain to create an entire forest.Conversely, after all that the rain has provided them with the authors last mention is that of a negative connotation.

Death and Time in Slaughterhouse-Five Essay -- Slaughterhouse-Five Ess

Death and Time in Slaughterhouse-Five We all wish we could travel through succession, going back to correct our stupid mistakes or zooming ahead to see the rising. In Kurt Vonneguts novel Slaughterhouse-Five, however, conviction travel does not seem so helpful. truncheon Pilgrim, Vonneguts main character, has come unstuck in time. He bounces back and forth between his past, present, and future lives in a roller coaster time trip that proves both senseless and numbing. Examining Billys time traveling, his life on Tralfamadore, and the novels schizoid structure shows that time travel is actually a metaphor for our human tendency to avoid facing the unpleasant reality of death. Because he cannot control time travel, Billy is forced to relive again and again some of the most painful parts of his life. For example, Edgar Derby, his wartime father-figure, is senselessly executed by the Germans for stealing a teapot, spot Valencia Pilgrim, his own wife, dies acci dentally from carbon monoxide poisoning after her cars exhaust system is damaged in an accident. Barbara Greeley has observed that the effect of having to witness these events over and over is that Billy becomes emotionally desensitized to human suffering and death, and is thus robbed of compassion (3). Her point is well taken, for without this human emotion Billy is reduced to the level of an unfeeling machine. On the satellite Tralfamadore where Billy is taken after he is kidnapped by extraterrestrials, his machine-like response to suffering and death grows only worse. Like Billy, the Tralfamadorians have no sense of chronological raise they see time as an earthling might see a stretch of the Rocky Mountains (85-86), with... ...ound by time, which includes the ultimate reality of death. Although death limits us by limiting our experiences, our lives are made more meaningful precisely because they are so short. Unlike Tralfamadorians, who cannot change history, we can look back in time and learn from the mistakes of the past. Only in this sense can we truly be time travelers that we reflect on the past and incorporate its lessons into our present lives so that the future will be more productive. Sources Greeley, Barbara. newborn Insights into Vonneguts Thinking Slaughterhouse-Five and The Sirens of Titan. Psychology Today June 1990 1+. Marten, Stephen Edward. Why We Read Vonnegut Today. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Kurt Vonnegut. Ed Russell Baker. New York Norton, 1988. 8-25. Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse-Five. New York Dell Publishing, 1988.

The Cyclooxygenase-2 Essay -- Health, Diseases

The cyclooxygenase-2 ( cox-2) is a key enzyme in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, which promote carrel proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis, and inhibit apoptosis. Unlike COX-1, which is constitutively expressed isoform, COX-2 is an inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase and which whitethorn participate in inflammatory responses and contri yete to inflammation and cancersthe development of colorectal cancer as well as other gracious cancers (1). COX-2 is non detectable detected in most normal tissues. However, it but is rapidly induced when stimulated by in response to mitogens, cytokines and tumor promoters, which leads to the leading to change magnitude accumulation of prostanoids in neoplastic and inflamed tissues (2). COX-2 is highly expressed at high levels in intestinal tumors in rodents and humans (1). For example, Mmore than 80% of each(prenominal) colorectal tumors were shown to overexpress COX-2 (3-5). Epidemiologic studies have shown that taki ng aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on a regular basis could sign on mortality from colorectal cancer by 40-50% compared with those who not taking these drugs (1). One characteristic shared by all of these drugs is their ability to inhibit COX practise and/or way (1).Although COX-2 is expressed in 80-90% of human colon carcinoma specimens, not all colorectal cancer cell lines constitutively expressed COX-2. Constitutive expression of COX-2 was only detected in a relatively small number of established colorectal carcinoma cell lines (6). For example, human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines, HCT116 and SW480, have been described as COX-2 negative, since they did not express COX-2, neither at mRNA nor at protein level (7). COX-2-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) ... ...t as well as when the well-educated medium will be collected, with multiple parameters in which not only COX-2 mRNA and protein as well as PGE2 levels will be observed, but also other relevant molec ular markers or factors like those mentioned above.Not only paradoxical observations of COX-2 expression and the functional activity in human colon cancer cell line have been documented, the role of PGE2 on inflammation seems also paradoxical. Although PGE2 is a potent mediator of inflammation (55), it was suggested that PGE2, endogenous COX products, also inhibit acute allergic inflammation (56). Thus, PGE2 may produce both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects (57). More extensive well-designed experiments are needed to sustain us to unveil the secret of COX-2 expression and the functional activity as well as their roles in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

Public Education Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Public Education Governor Jeb Bush initiated the nations boldest voucher experiment in June of 1999 when he signed into law his Opportunity Scholarship Program. Florida is the kickoff in the nation with a statewide plan allowing state-paid tuition for children in F graded schools to attend private schools or other non-failing schools. Opponents claim that plentiful parents the choice to use state education funds at private schools could end up bankrupting the public education system so many children bank upon. Proponents of vouchers argue the voucher program will give parents a way to help children trapped in failing schools. Matthew Berry, a staff attorney with the Washington, D.C. establish Institute for Justice, believes, As far as public money going to private education, its just like college students who use their federal Pell grants to go to Notre Dame(Soriano 18). I was talented that on March 14, 2000 Leon County Circuit Court Judge Ralph Smith declared the vouche r plan a violation of Floridas constitution. I dont believe that vouchers will dissolve Floridas education problems. Jeb Bush and Frank Brogan, the former Commissioner of Education in Florida, have made education their number one priority. After months of studying, arguing, lobbying, and dealing, they presented the A+ Plan to the Florida legislative body and it passed. Under this plan, All schools will be graded A through F based primarily on state assessment test scores and other data which includes attendance, dropout rate, discipline data, and student readiness for college (Voucher and Accountability for Public Schools). When a school is graded F for two familys in a four year period, the children become eligible for vouchers which allow... ...ournal 18 July 1999 B3. Ladner, Charles. Telephone interview. 5 March 2000. Nazareno, Analisa. Tuition voucher foes launch pricey campaign to sway public opinion. Miami Herald 16 February 2000 B3. Peltier, Michael. Florid a School Voucher Plan Ruled Unconstitutional. Tallahassee Democrat 14 March 2000 C1. Questions and answers on the education initiative. Pensacola News daybook 18 July 1999 A1. Soriano, Jennifer. Vouchers Choice or Neglect? Shewire 16 March 2000 18. Streater, Amie K. For some students, the road to an education is uphill, lonely. Pensacola News Journal 24 October 1999 A8. Walsh, Erin. Children fight to learn, even before class starts. Pensacola News Journal 24 October 1999 A9. Wilgoren, Jodi. Floridas Vouchers a Spur to 2 Schools Left Behind. New York Times 14 March 2000 D5.

Public Education Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Public Education Governor Jeb Bush initiated the nations boldest voucher experiment in June of 1999 when he signed into law his fortune Scholarship Program. Florida is the first in the nation with a statewide plan allowing state-paid tuition for children in F graded schools to attend private schools or other(a) non-failing schools. Opponents claim that giving parents the choice to use state education funds at private schools could end up bankrupting the state-supported education system so many children rely upon. Proponents of vouchers argue the voucher program will give parents a way to help children trapped in failing schools. Matthew Berry, a cater attorney with the Washington, D.C. based Institute for Justice, sees, As far as public money going to private education, its just like college students who use their federal Pell grants to go to Notre dolly(Soriano 18). I was happy that on March 14, 2000 Leon County Circuit Court Judge Ralph Smith declared the voucher pla n a violation of Floridas constitution. I dont believe that vouchers will solve Floridas education problems. Jeb Bush and Frank Brogan, the former Commissioner of Education in Florida, have made education their number one priority. After months of studying, arguing, lobbying, and dealing, they presented the A+ Plan to the Florida Legislature and it passed. Under this plan, All schools will be graded A through F based primarily on state assessment test scads and other data which includes attendance, dropout rate, discipline data, and student readiness for college (Voucher and Accountability for Public Schools). When a school is graded F for two years in a four year period, the children become eligible for vouchers which allow... ...ournal 18 July 1999 B3. Ladner, Charles. Telephone interview. 5 March 2000. Nazareno, Analisa. Tuition voucher foes launch pricey campaign to sway public opinion. Miami Herald 16 February 2000 B3. Peltier, Michael. Florida School Voucher Pl an Ruled Unconstitutional. Tallahassee Democrat 14 March 2000 C1. Questions and answers on the education initiative. Pensacola News Journal 18 July 1999 A1. Soriano, Jennifer. Vouchers Choice or Neglect? Shewire 16 March 2000 18. Streater, Amie K. For some students, the road to an education is uphill, lonely. Pensacola News Journal 24 October 1999 A8. Walsh, Erin. Children fight to learn, even before program starts. Pensacola News Journal 24 October 1999 A9. Wilgoren, Jodi. Floridas Vouchers a Spur to 2 Schools Left Behind. New York Times 14 March 2000 D5.

Health Care Reform Recommendations Essay

The topic of heath care reform is a highly debatable one. Many variant organizations have diverse ideas on what is essential to ensure a advantageful wellnesscare system is developed in the United Sates. After reading recommendations to gain ground health care reform from the Mayo Clinics (2008), The W every Street Journals health Care CEO Council (2008), consisting of CEOs from quintuple different medical organizations, and Americas Health Insurance Plan (AHIP)(2007), the following is a list of three recommendations considered by all to be legal ideas for health care reform1. Access Universal Health Insurance A. A comprehensive health care reform recommendation of providing universal access to affordable, guaranteed, musical note redress plans for those not covered by employer-based programs. This plan would require individuals to buy insurance, giving them choice, accessibility, control, and peace of mind. B. This reform would require adults to purchase private health insu rance for themselves and their families. Employers could continue to participate by buying insurance for their employees or giving them stipends to purchase it.However, the individual would own the insurance. C. Appointing and independent agency to provide coordination, oversight and pedagogics for individuals choosing insurance options. 2. Quality Reform the Payment System A. Change the give backment system to reward preventive care and evidence-based care, and extend organization efforts to no longer reimburse inappropriate, unsafe or wasted care. Define and measure desirable outcomes for most common diseases. B. Payment to providers should be changed in order to improve health and lessen waste.Create payment systems that provide incentives for various providers to coordinate care, improve care, and support informed patient decision-making. Models of payment should be developed based on the success of chronic care coordination, care coordination teams, shared decision-making a nd episode-based payment. C. Change Medicare to a pay-for-value model. Redistribute Medicare payments to favor physicians who perform well, as opposed to the current system that rewards volume not value. Paying providers based on value can help produce desired results such as great outcomes, safety, and service at an affordable bell over time.3. Affordability A. Poorly coordinated care also drives up costs when individuals seeing several health care practitioners receive the same diagnostic tests and procedures four-fold times because one physician did not know that the other already had conducted them. Access to information that compares the effectiveness and cost of treatments give providers, patients and purchasers access to a trusted source where they can find up-to-date and objective information on which health care services are most effective and provide the take up value. B. Provide positive personal health habit incentives.Lifestyles characterized by smoking, poor diet, and lack of exercise leading to obesity are key contributors to high health care costs in the United States. Childhood obesity significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood (CDC, 2006) and according to a depicted object done by the Office of the US Surgeon General (2007), the complications from obesity cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer are estimated to cost $92 billion (Finkelstein, 2003) in confused productivity per year whereas estimates suggest that the health consequences of smoking may lead to more than $75 billion per year in medical expenditures.C. Provide assess credits to individuals, families for the purchase of insurance, and to small business owners that provide medical coverage to employees. On January 24, 2007, while speaking about healthcare at Families USA, a healthcare advocacy group, then Senator Obama said The time has come for universal health care in America I am absolutely determined that by the end of the first term of the next president, we should have universal health care in this country. (Wikipedia, n.d). Senator McCain however, proposed tax credits and open-market competition as opposed to government funding control (Wikipedia, n. d. ) In comparison, President Obama and Senator McCain, had similar plans in regards to cost and quality improvement. Both parties suggested the adoption of medical malpractice reforms, allowing drug re-importation, focusing on healthcare costs as a reflection of quality service, prevention and care of chronic conditions, and development/deployment of HIT.In addition to similarities in cost and quality improvement, some(prenominal) also believed that prevention is the key to creating a healthier population. Senator McCain focused more on individual responsibility in maintaining and healthy lifestyle whereas President Obama back up increased funding to community based preventive interventions. Overall, a comparison of both parties preliminarily health reform plan s reflect multiple similarities in general ideas of postulate reforms to the United Sates current healthcare system.Whether by adopting a universal healthcare system or implementing changes to the current system extending coverage, lowering costs, and up(p) quality of care are all issues agreed upon by both parties as needing attention. References Americas Health Insurance Plans (AHIP)(2007). Guaranteeing Access to Coverage for all Americans. Retrieved 26 January 2009, from http//www. ahipbelieves. com/media/AHIP%20Guarantee%20Access%20Plan. pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006). National Center for Health Statistics.Retrieved 26 January 2009, from http//www. cdc. gov/nchs/data/hesate/preliminarydesths05_tables. pdf. Finkelstein E. , et al. (2003). National medical spending attributable to obesity How lots and whos paying? Health Affairs. W3 219-226. The Mayo Clinic Health Policy Center (2008). Building Upon the Cornerstones Recommendations, action steps and strate gies to advance health care reform. Retrieved 26 January 2009, from http//www. mayoclinic. org/healthpolicycenter/recommendations. hypertext mark-up languageThe Wall Street Journal (2008) CEO Council Shaping The New Agenda, Health Care. Retrieved 24 January 2009, from http//blogs. wsj. com/ceo-council/2008/11/23/health-care/ U. S. Surgeon General (2007). Overweight and Obesity Health Consequences. Retrieved 26 January 2009, from http//www. surgeongeneral. gov/topics/obesity/calltoaction/fact_consequences. htm. Wikipedia (n. d. ). HealthCare Reform in the United States. Retrieved 26 January 2009, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Health_care_reform_in_the_United_Statescite_note-152

Lionel Andres Messi

Lionel Andres Messi, known as Messi, is an Argentine footballer who currently plays for FC Barcelona as a forward or a winger. Considered to be the finest player on Earth, Messi has received dozens of trophies and awards. Messi is the perfect attacking player, he was completely two-footed, a prolific finisher, exceptional at dribbling and passing, and was a remarkably good tackler for a forward. The Argentine superstar was born on the 24th June 1987 in Rosario, Argentina to Jorge Horacio Messi (born 1958), who was a factory worker and Celina Maria Cuccittini, who as well as works but as a part- period cleaner.Lionel Messi has three siblings, two of which older brothers named Rodrigo and Matias. The final, a sister named Maria Sol. At the age of five, Messi played for a team called Grandoli, coached by his father. At the age of 11, he was diagnosed with a growth deficiency. An Argentine club were interested in Messis ability, but didnt have enough money to be for his treatment. The director of FC Barcelona signed Messi after watching him play and was willing to pay for the treatment. Lionel Messi was offered a debut for FC Barcelona against Porto. And what a gameHe was seventeen at that time and was the youngest ever player to score a goal in the La Liga. Within the next year, Messi found himself a first squad player and scored 16 goals in 26 matches. During the next five years, Messi became an international superstar leveling tens of goals. He made his debut for Argentina, when he was only 18 years old. Lionel Messi also won dozens of awards including Champions League, Super Cup, Club World Cup, Player of the Year (several times), La Liga Player of the Year, Top Scorer (many times), Goal of the Year and many to a greater extent awards.Messi also played in a few World Cups for Argentina. The final one in 2010, started well with a 4-0, 4-1, 1-0 and 2-0 to finish off the group stages. The belong 16 round wasnt a good match as it ended with a 4-0 defeat to Germ any. In the season 2009-10, Messi was in great form, scoring 47 goals. He was the highest scoring player. 2010-11 came and his goal-scoring record continued. Scoring many goals, among other reasons, makes Lionel Messi the finest player of all time

Problems in Mobile Communication Industry – Sri Lanka

Summary engineering science is an essential part of any business and hence enterprises should book very guide understanding of their engineering science needs and opportunities. Sri Lankan wandering(a) Operators be in a better position in term of technology. Objective of this report is to analyze menses technology level of nomadic operators, their problem and the way of finding solutions apply technology. receivedly spry intercourse industry is in a hazy billet. Although technology levels of restless operators argon comparatively high certain technologies enkindle be used to get rid of present problems of the industry.Here in this report such scientific problems atomic number 18 discussed and new technologies atomic number 18 proposed. Deploying mentioned technologies mobile operator will be able-bodied to oercome technological barriers as well as other issues of the industry. i attend of accedes and Figures foliate Tables Table 2. 1 World Telecommunication Tec hnologies 4 Table 2. 2 Technology Comparison of Sri Lankan fluent Operators 6 Figures Figure 1. 1 mobile Subscriber maturation (1991 2009 June) 1 Figure 4. 1 Typical persona Based busy Network 0 Figure 4. 2 HSPA Technology Roadmap 11 Figure 4. 3 planetary Telecom Emissions 2002 2020 12 Figure 4. 4 Envelope Curve of Mobile Technologies 14 Figure 4. 5 pass judgment Growth of Mobile Data attention 14 ii List of Abbreviations BTS CDMA EDGE GPRS GSM HSPA HSPA iDEN IP LTE PDC SDH SHF TDM TDMA TRCSL UMTS WCDMA ? Base Transceiver Station ? Code Division sevenfold Access ? Enhanced Data rates for GSM ontogeny ? General bundle Radio Service ? Global System for Mobile ? spicy Speed Packet Access ? High Speed Packet Access ? Integrated Digital Enhanced Network ? Internet Protocol ? Long Term Evolution ? own(prenominal) Digital Cellular ? Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ? Super High Frequency ? Tme Division Multiplexing ? Time Division Multiple Access ? Telecommunication dominion C ommission of Sri Lanka ? Universal Mobile Telecommunications System ? Wide band Code Division Multiple Access iii Table of Contents Summary .. List of Tables and Figures ii List of Abbreviations iii 1 Introduction 1 1. 1 Objectives.. 1. 2 Methodology 2 2 Technology Level of Mobile application. 4 2. 1 History . 4 2. 2 Assessing Technology Level . 4 2. Bench Marking 6 3 Technology Problems 7 3. 1 Capacity Limitations .. .. 7 3. 2 Energy Issues 3. 3 Frequency Spectrum Issues . 8 3. 4 BSC/MSC Boarders 9 3. 5 Tower Loading . 9 4 Proposed Technologies .. 0 4. 1 Fiber Based Transmission 10 4. 2 IP RAN .. 11 4. 3 EDGE Evolution for GSM . 11 4. 4 squirt Technologies .. 12 4. LTE .. 13 5 6 Future of Mobile discourse Industry . 15 Conclusion . 17 References .. 8 iv Mobile chat Industry in Sri Lanka 1 Introduction Technology plays a vital eccentric in todays business environments. Enterprises with appropriate technology are having a definite advantage all over the others in the c ompetitive business environment. indeed enterprises should take hold very clear understanding of their technology needs and opportunities. umpteen telecommunicationmunications aid providers in the human race are in the midst of undergoing technical and structural changes, whilst at the same time experiencing major growth.Competition and rapid technological advancements poke the present telecommunications industry. In Sri Lanka Mobile communicating Industry is rapidly growing. More than 12 million Mobile users are in Sri Lanka. Following figure shows the mobile subscriber growth. Cellular Subscriber Growth (1991 2009 June) 14,000,000 12,000,000 C u m u l a t i v e N o . o f S u b s c r i b e r s 10,000,000 8,000,000 Subscribers 6,000,000 4,000,000 2,000,000 0 Year Figure 1. 1 Mobile Subscriber Growth (1991 2009 June) Source TRCSL Page 1Mobile intercourse Industry in Sri Lanka Under a misty international economic cloud Sri Lankas economy grew in recent couple of years, but a t a modest rate. The economy having achieved sustained growth over three decades averaging practicedly 5% per annum, in conjunction with a modest population growth in comparison to other South Asian countries pass over the USD 2000 mark in per capita income. Notwithstanding conditions of uncertainty, investment in infrastructure development continued at the macro level and Mobile Communication industry has achieved a considerable growth.The economic realities and new market developments during the last year turned out to be a stress test for all mobile resound operators in Sri Lanka. Ruptures emerged and the industry had to search for quick but durable fixes to remain viable. The entry of the fifth mobile phone operator, early in the year knack the new credit rating price and forced a downward revision of pricing by all mobile operators. This caused a sharp reduction of the reference price by approximately 50%. Further to cutting prices, competition in the industry intensified and this resulted in a sharp rise in advertising and promotional activity.The combined effect of a signifi providet drop in prices and high promotional bes compelled most industry players to consider dear adjustments to their business models and structures, a process that led to job losses in the industry. Leading operators recorded some growth in business volume in a growing market, but declining margins eroded revenue bases leading to operating losses. 1. 1 Objectives Main objectives of this repot are 1. Assess Technology Level of Sri Lankan Mobile Communication Industry 2. Identifying main technology issues in the industry 3.Proposing technological solution for those issues 1. 2 Methodology Literature survey was done regarding the Sri Lankan and world Mobile communication industry. In the second footprint responsible staff members were interviewed representing all five mobile operators. Their views and information collected from literature survey Page 2 Mobile Communication In dustry in Sri Lanka were analyzed. In addition to above Mobile communication equipment vendors were contacted for gathering information about new technologies and trends. Page 3Mobile Communication Industry in Sri Lanka 2 Technology Level of Mobile Industry In ready to examine the technology level and capability, framework developed by Panda and Ramanathan (1995) cannister be used. This framework is found on the value chain concept, which identifies the primary and support activities of a telecommunications service provider, and uses step by? step procedure to analyze the technological capability needs in these activities and to develop indicators to measure the extent to which such technology capabilities have developed. 2. 1 HistoryAlthough telecommunication has a history of to a greater extent than 150 years in Sri Lanka, the islands mobile communication history extends to less than 25 years. Mobile phone technology prototypic evolved in 1946 after the Second World War. The jump Mobile network was established in North America. After 42 years, mobile technology was introduced to Sri Lanka. The number 1 private mobile operator to enter the market in 1989 was Celltel Lanka Limited, which was later known as Tigo. In 2009 Tigo was acquired by Etisalat Middle East telecom giant. The first mobile operator ground its services on the E?TACS technology which offered basic voice services to Sri Lankan subscribers. Between 1989 to 1994 the Government took measures to introduce competitive stallular services by granting evidence to three mobile operators OTC Australia (Pvt. ) Ltd, presently known as Mobitel (Pvt) Ltd, MTN Networks (Pvt. ) Limited, commonly known as Dialog GSM, and Lanka Cellular serve (Pvt. ) Limited currently known as Hutch. In 2009, the Government introduced more competition to the market by granting license to a fifth mobile operator, Bharathi Airtel which is an Indian telecommunication giant.From 2004 to 2010 Mobile communication industry in Sri Lanka had an annual growth of around 35? 40%. 2. 2 Assessing Technology Level World Technologies in Telecommunication is shown in Table 2. 1. It can be seen in the world still in that respect are network operating mobile technologies of 1st generation, second Page 4 Mobile Communication Industry in Sri Lanka generation and 3rd generation. By looking at the subscriber percentages belong to the networks it can be concluded that 1st generation technology networks will not last much longer as already it is 0. 01 percent of world subscriber base.Technology GSM CDMA2000 1x WCDMA CDMA2000 1x EV? DO Generation 2G/2. 5G 2. 5G 3G 3G Subscribers Percentage (%) (millions) 3700 80. 42 455 7. 7 240 6. 32 112 2. 8 WCDMA/HSPA 3. 5G 57 1. 52 iDEN 2G 28 0. 74 CDMAONE 2G 6. 95 0. 18 PDC 2G 6 0. 18 CDMA2000 1x EV? DO? Rev A 3. 5G 3. 2 0. 08 TDMA 2G 2. 19 0. 06 Analog 1G 0. 3 0. 01 Table 2. 1 World Telecommunication Technologies Source http//www. telecomindiaonline. com/global? telecom? market? regional? and technology? distribution? at? telecom? india? daily. html GSM is the dominant technology used all round the glow.It has been introduced in 1992 as a 2nd generation technology but by 2010 its enhanced with development of GPRS and EDGE technologies. As still GSM technology has more than 80% of world subscriber base and GSM is enhancing with support technologies it is expected to last more years. 3G/3. 5G (WCDMA/HSPA) are most modern commercially available technologies. Its seen that these technologies are capturing the market rapidly. jibe to related surveys, more than 96% of WCDMA networks have deployed HSPA, with the majority (over 52%) supporting a peak downlink data capability of 7. Mbps or higher. With 22% of HSPA network operators connected to HSPA Evolution (HSPA+). Page 5 Mobile Communication Industry in Sri Lanka 2. 3 Bench Marking Technologies used by Sri Lankan Mobile Operators and the world technologies are mentioned in the following Table 2. 2. According t o the table Dialog and Mobitel have latest technologies comparing to other operators. When comparing with the World status Sri Lankan Operators are using commonwealth of art technology. Sri Lankan Operator Airtel Dialog Etisalat Hutch MobitelTechnologies used GSM/GPRS/EDGE WCDMA/HSPA GSM/GPRS/EDGE WCDMA/HSPA/HSPA+ GSM/GPRS/EDGE GSM/GPRS/EDGE GSM/GPRS/EDGE WCDMA/HSPA/HSPA+ World Status GSM/GPRS/EDGE are 2G/2. 5G popular technologies in world WCDMA/HSPA are growing 3G/3. 5G technologies HSPA+ is commercially available now LTE is emerging as a 4G technology in the world Table 2. 2 Technology Comparison of Sri Lankan Mobile Operators Sri Lanka is the first country introduced GSM, EDGE, WCDMA (3G) and HSPA (3. 5G) technologies. similarly Sri Lanka is the first country which demonstrated HSPA+ in South Asia. Page 6Mobile Communication Industry in Sri Lanka 3 Technology Problems Recent years were probably the most challenging for the mobile communication industry in its history. Economic and industry hullabaloo heightened and industry leaders were forced to absorb the shocks in telling proportions while weaker operators were rendered vulnerable. The mobile communication industry deserves commendation for surviving trying economic, industry and restrictive challenges and for riding the tide. However, the cumulative effect was an entire mobile communication industry reporting operating losses.Following are some performance data of Mobile Operators in year 2009. Dialog assort reported negative NPAT of 1159 mill. Without recurring apostrophizes. In operation Etisalat reported a loss of approximately 1600 mill. Hutch turn over was decreased by 61. 9% Mobitel reported a net loss of Rs. 395 mill. As margins become narrower and narrower operators are needed to find new opportunities in order to enhance revenue. But several(prenominal) technological problems are there as barriers for growing Mobile Communication Industry. 3. 1 Capacity Limitations In Mobile communicatio n data traffic demand is rapidly increasing.Major bottle neck in providing higher data rates is limitations in transmission networks. presently Mobile operators have not island wide optical fiber networks in order to provide higher capacities. Also to provide higher capacity at low cost, tralatitious TDM based access networks are a barrier. So IP based networks need to be deployed. For this huge investments are needed but current pecuniary status of all mobile operators is not healthy enough for that. Currently it is not possible to provide higher data rates when users move from UMTS (3G) insurance coverage area to GSM/EDGE coverage area.Page 7 Mobile Communication Industry in Sri Lanka Currently the number of users can be catered by one stall has become a issue in mobile industry, because if there are more than possible no of users in the same cell, Users experience the congestion situation and as a result this cell need to be further brake in to two cells or covered by an umb rella cell to cater the capacity. When doing so different frequencies need to be assigned to the different cells and this will development the interference to the users and quality would be dropped. 3. 2 Energy IssuesIn campestral villages in Sri Lanka, electricity is either not available or is available only in limited quantities. As a result, even if battery musical accompaniment is provided for the Base Stations (BTS), the batteries do not get fully charged. Further, due to frequent interruptions in the function supply, the life of these batteries gets shortened, which in turn increases the operational cost to run services in rural areas. Unavailability of reliable situation in semi? urban, rural and unconnected areas increases operational costs further because comfortable coverup systems have to be maintained.Therefore sustainable green force sources are essential to have need in future. But still in Sri Lanka dark-green Technologies like solar energy and hook power en ergy are not popular in Mobile industry. Also existing such technologies are not capable of successful operation of base stations. Unavailability of commercial power in rural areas is also affected to mobile operators to expand their coverage. facultative power sources are needed to expand coverage in small time duration with minimal cost. 3. 3 Frequency Spectrum Issues In Sri Lanka Super High Frequency (SHF) Band is highly polluted.SHF band includes frequencies between 3GHz and 30 GHz. In this band more than 10000 Microwave Links are currently operating. particularly in urban areas it is difficult to deploy new back bone zap links due to interference. This has highly influenced for providing enough data capacity for Mobile Broad Band guests. Page 8 Mobile Communication Industry in Sri Lanka TRCSL has not allowed Point to Multi? Point backhauling technologies for telecom operators. With this technology number of microwave links need to be installed can be reduced and operators c an easily deploy their back hauling networks. 3. 4 BSC/MSC BoardersIn early mobile systems, remote base station sites were controlled by the MSC or mobile switching center. But with current systems under 2. 5G GSM network BSC Base station ascendence controls the remote Base stations and under 3G network RNC Radio Network controller controls the remote node B sites, because of this scenario, It is a must to have several BSC/MSC boarders in the network and when users are moving via this boarders, the probability of drop of the calls are vey high reducing the network quality in those areas. For example, people in the boarder areas always experience call drops and bad call quality etc.Therefore improvement for this is necessary via the advancement of the technologies. It may be high capacity MSCs or BSCs or some other solutions. 3. 5 Tower Loading Microwave links are used as the main means of backhauling in mobile industry in Sri Lanka and these microwave links need to be fixed on towb oats with having line of sight. Usually each tower connects with more than one tower therefore always several links are need to be installed on a tower top. If its a hub site this number may increase to 10? 15 even more than 50 sometimes. Microwave antenna comes with 0. 6/1. 2/1. /2/2. 5m diameter therefore this is a big equipment. Also it has a larger wind shield area, because of this big size and area and freight operators need high strength large towers to be implemented. If the antenna sizes and weight of this microwave links can be decreased it would be quite advantageous for the operators. Else new technologies like laser links, IR Links or small antenna sized IP links technologies can be developed to be able to guarantee the same level of availability. Then operators would be able to replace heavy microwave and use light equipment types. Page 9Mobile Communication Industry in Sri Lanka 4 Proposed Technologies 4. 1 Fiber Based Transmission Fiber based transmission is not a n ew technology in the industry. In Sri Lanka SLT and Dialog have their own fiber based networks. Fiber based transmission can cater quite high capacity data transmission. It can be used to implement either TDM/SDH based network or Packet/IP based network. Although SLT has a island wide fiber network, Dialog fiber network is still not widely spread. In fiber based solutions fiber cables are drawn from core network sites to the remote Node? B/BTS sites.Usually a ring topology is used and it goes via hub sites, from hub sites fibers are drawn to remote sites. Figure 4. 1 Typical Fiber Based Mobile Network The problems with Fiber based transmission is the high initial capital investment cost and the time taken for the implementation. Most of the operators are not capable of affording such investment for their own fiber based infrastructure. Page 10 Mobile Communication Industry in Sri Lanka If a fiber network can be used for providing transmission for base stations, increasing data traff ic demand can be easily fulfilled.Another option is to lease fiber networks capacity from already deployed SLT or Dialog network. But leasing cost need to be highly considered. 4. 2 IP RAN Implementation of IP RAN (IP Radio access network) is the key to provide higher capacity. An IP ran with higher capacity to remote sites can reach higher speeds with currently available HSPA+ like technologies. Figure 4. 2 HSPA Technology Roadmap According to the roadmap shown in Figure 4. 2, with the enhancements of HSPA+, Wimax /ADSL speeds can be passed or equalized with HSPA in the years to come.The IP radio access networks (IPRAN) consist of end to end (Remote sites to the core network nodes) transmission with IP/Ethernet networks. Easiest way to implementation of such a technology is fiber based IP network where higher capacity and less complexity can be achieved. 4. 3 EDGE Evolution for GSM Current 2G networks are inadequate for providing data speeds of GSM/EDGE networks. EDGE Evolution qua druples standard EDGE network speeds, promising downlink data Page 11 Mobile Communication Industry in Sri Lanka rates of 1. 2Mbit/s, though the standard has headroom for up to 1. 9Mbit/s.Similarly, uplink data rates of 474kbit/s are expected, although the standard specifies 947kbit/s. 3GPP standardized EDGE Evolution in 2007 (3GPP Release 7). 4. 4 Green Technologies Maintenance costs of networks in rural areas are high compared to urban areas, because of several factors such as pathetic transportation systems, difficulty in supply of spare parts and non? availability of skilled manpower. Due to lack of reliable power in rural areas, there has been a substantial increase in the usage of diesel for running engine alternators to keep telecom switching centers, transmission equipment and BTS s up and running.Currently more than 5000 Communication towers are there in Sri Lanka. This increases costs substantially. In spreading the reach of telecommunications in remote areas, renewable e nergy should be used to power relay towers in remote areas. By replacing diesel generators with solar panels in cell phone towers, tons of carbon emissions could be prevented from entering the atmosphere. Global Telecom emission in 2002 and estimated values in 2020 are shown in Figure 4. 3. Figure 4. 3 Global Telecom Emissions 2002 2020 Source The Climate Group and Global e?Sustainability Initiative Page 12 Mobile Communication Industry in Sri Lanka Solar is a clean and effective way of harnessing energy. Also, the care cost for the operation of solar equipment is comparatively lower as compared to diesel generators operated BTS towers. Solar generators have no carbon emissions and also help in preserving the environment for sustaining life on earth. It reduces global warming, as carbon emissions are null in solar devices. The manpower needed for the operation and maintenance for solar equipment do not require extra skill.The telecom majors in world have started operating mobile r epeater and relay stations, which harness solar and wind energy with the wind turbines foisted on the telecom towers. The hybrid systems, involving solar photovoltaic systems and wind energy installations for this application assure uninterrupted supply of 2. 8 kilowatts of power daily. A master control installed at the site acts as a voltage stabilizer, while a generator has been kept as a back? up for charging the batteries in case of emergency. Though the diesel generators are the lifelines of telecom towers, they contribute to significant carbon emissions.Going green and pushing the use of alternative energy sources like solar, wind and bio? fuel is the need of the hour the government should provide high subsidies to help the telecoms taking this step, quickly and easily. Going solar is the way forward. Therefore as we can see above technologies are the candidate technologies for future enhancement of Mobitel network. According to the study these technologies can solve the main issues that were identified in this chapter. Therefore a strategy and a roadmap are required for timely implementation of the technologies in the network. 4. 5 LTELTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 4G technology which is emerging in the world now. When existing technologies are becoming obsolete, investments need to be done on new technologies. It is assumed that 2G will become obsolete in near future. Page 13 Mobile Communication Industry in Sri Lanka Figure 4. 4 Envelope Curve of Mobile Technologies Figure 4. 4 shows the envelope scent of mobile communication technologies. It can be seen the technology is mainly improved focusing the deliverable capacity. See Figure 4. 5. Figure 4. 5 Expected Growth of Mobile Data Industry Mobile broad band services provide new opportunities for Mobile Operators.With LTE customer demands can be satisfied easily. Page 14 Mobile Communication Industry in Sri Lanka 5 Future Industry of Mobile Communication Current monthly operational cost of Mobile Netw orks is several folds higher than revenue which is the case in many technology introductions. By introducing green technologies operational cost can be reduced. Therefore a huge advantage can be taken in current price war. With low cost IP based technologies and Point to Multi Point Backhauling technologies can be reduce operation and maintenance cost also.Going for Fiber Networks can help to reduce operational cost by reducing huge TRCSL license charges need to be pay annually for Microwave Links. With those technology improvements turn over can be improved and hence investments can be promote because huge investments are needed in near future as Core Mobile Technologies are evolving day by day. Government need to be given intensives for investments in Mobile Technologies as it can energize the economy in return. Above mention technologies can reduce the environmental problems raised by Mobile Industry. Some of such issues can be listed as follows.Carbon Emission of more than 5000 Base Stations island wide Radio Frequency Pollution Currently Mobile Industry has influenced in culture also. Wide spread of pornographic contents is a major issue. Now recently all mobile operators have been agreed to implement technological measures to filter out such contents. Therefore by introducing mentioned technologies mobile operator will be able to overcome technological barriers as well as financial issues, marketing issues and environmental uses etc. Although Sri Lankan Mobile tariffs are the lowest in the region, customers are not satisfied with the service in general.This bad customer images Page 15 Mobile Communication Industry in Sri Lanka regarding mobile operators can be eliminated from the heart of the customers by introducing state of art, sustainable and low cost technologies. Page 16 Mobile Communication Industry in Sri Lanka 6 Conclusion Technology plays a vital role in any industry in todays world. Mobile Communication industry is not an exception. Mobile Tec hnologies are evolving very rapidly and customer expectations are also at sky level. In Sri Lanka 5 Mobile Players are operating in the industry and they use most popular and

My Professional Career Goals

I am determined to work In a course field that pull up stakes offer me the opportunity to do something that I enjoy doing as a job. My objective career goal is to work as a medical officer in the United States Army, specific al unmatchedy a Licensed Clinical complaisant Worker (LESS). I have thoroughly considered the skills that I presently have and the abilities that I need to either change or perfect. I been embarking on more educational avenues since I have being in the the States to get close to this career goal. The ultimate goal I set out for myself was to get accepted In the United State Army get the hang of Social WorkProgram. The program is one that helps determined individuals work on acquiring their Masters Degree in Social Work Services and become officers in the United Army. As I am already In the field of psychology I though a special Interest In the Social Work Services and have come to enjoy working in this department. My professional career goal is to get the s chooling through the Army beca enjoyment it is all paid for. Finish my obligation and try to retire from the Army after 20 years of service. I know once I complete my service, I can everlastingly work for the federal employee for the Army.Also nee may ask the question, but why accessible work services? I have always been Interested In working In the medical field because I am approximate understanding people and can be a good listener and also because it is a respected profession. I have spent time in many different types of Jobs in my short time in the Army but one of the fields I enjoyed the most The Department of Social Work Services. It has become a commonly accept adequate to(p) practice that we use different methods of learning to obtain cultivation. Information technology allows us to easily identify with the various aspects and methods of social learning.The Web has also made It so easily to collaborate with other student in the process of learning and training. In purs uit of my short term goal which is to attain a Bachelors degree in Clinical Psychology, I have taken a few online courses to Include this class and It Is amazing how much information and insight I have been able to obtain from other students from the online environment. I was also able to obtain an undergraduate certificate in Terrorism and Homeland Security by online education. I am getting closer and closer to finishing my Bachelors Degree in Psychology.Online Education has made my ream meeting all the requirements of the Masters Program possible. The ability to share information with others In a participatory manner has allowed me to see and learn from my peers. The online method of learning brings synergy to the table and can also be very powerful within the professional arena. I cant emphasis enough how Im able to learn from others In the comfort of my own living room or office. In the public of web learning, Im able to keep up with current information concerning my career op tions as well as keep up with advancing technologies within my career.According to the function of Labor Statistics the Employment of healthcare social workers is evaluate to grow by 34 percent, much faster than the average for all occupations In the United States. As baby boomers age, they and their families will require help from social workers to find care, which will increase demand for healthcare social workers. The average full-time medical social worker earned $50,500 per year as of 2011, according to the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, but any subject averaged approximately $12,000 more in annual income.Career retroversion in this field is very rapid because of the constant need and demand for Licensed Clinical Social Workers. I do know that I will have to improve on any skills that could help in making me more sought after for example a manager could be one that has knowledge, skills and interests in many areas but has no real specialty. Then there is the professional manager who will conform to the skills, competence and/or character which is expected of a properly qualified/experienced person. I also know I have work to do and things to learn as well as ideas to offer.

Pierre Bourdieu

Pierre Bourdieu (19302002), Professor of Sociology at the College de France, might come into view an unlikely candidate for inclusion under the rubric of critical theory. An past structuralist, whose cause sometimes appeared to run equivalent to that of Foucault, an erstwhile anthropologist and former student of Levi-Strauss, he was in numerous respects a characteristically French theorist.However he distanced himself from the objectivism of structural anthropology, at the same time as remaining stubbornly opposed to to post-structuralist deconstruction (Bourdieu, 1977 Bourdieu, 1984, p. 495). Furthermore, his work engaged very directly with both Marxist and weberian traditions in loving theory. One critic has even observed that it is dress hat understood as the attempt to push class analysis beyond Marx and Weber (Eder, 1993, p. 63).Definitely, if critical theory is described in terms of its objective to change the world, then Bourdieu was as significant a theorist as any. Thr oughout the later(a) 1990s, he appeared as by far the more or less well-known academic intellectual to join in active solidarity with the novel antiglobalisation movements. His La Misere du monde, first make in volume in 1993 and in paperback in 1998, turned out to be a bestseller in France and a main source of governmental motivation to the movement, both in the original and in its English translation as The Weight of the World.He was directly implicated in militant antiglobalisation activism, speaking at mass meetings of striking railway workers in 1995 and unemployed workers in 1998 (Bourdieu, 1998, pp. 24n, 88n) he initiated the 1996 formally request for an Estates General of the Social Movement and its May Day 2000 successor, the entreat for a pan-European Estates General he confounded the radical Raisons dagir group and its associated publishing house he overtly called for a left Left (Bourdieu, 1998a) and he was a regular contributor to the radical French monthly, Le M onde diplomatique.We may add that, like Marx, Bourdieu attached a distinguishing subtitle to what is still his best-known work indication A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (Bourdieu, 1984). Bourdieus reputation as a sociological thinker revolves around the theory of practice, in which he tried to theorise human sociality as the result of the tactical action of individuals operating within a constraining, however not determining, context of values.Notably, the term Bourdieu coined to explained this was the material body (Bourdieu, 1977), by which he meant an acquired strategy of generative schemes objectively adjusted to the particular conditions in which it is constituted (p. 95). It is at the same time structured and structuring, materially produced and very frequently generation-specific (pp. 72, 78). Elsewhere, he explained it as a kind of transforming machine that leads us to reproduce the social conditions of our own production, but in a relatively maverick way (B ourdieu, 1993, p.87). Like Marx and Weber, Bourdieu thinks contemporary capitalist societies to be class societies. However for Bourdieu, their supreme and dominated classes are discernible from each other not plain as a matter of economics, however as well as a matter of habitus social class, understood as a system of objective determinations, he insisted, must be brought into relation with the class habitus, the system of dispositions (partially) common to all products of the same structures (Bourdieu, 1977, p. 85).Bourdieus most extensively cited study, though, and undoubtedly the most knock-down(a) in heathen studies, has been Distinction, a work that takes as the object of its critique specifically the same kind of mettlesome modernism as that privileged in Frankfurt School aesthetics. Where Adorno and Horkheimer had insisted on a radical discontinuity amidst capitalist mass culture as well as avant-garde modernism, Bourdieu would focus on the latters own profound compli city with the social structures of power and domination.The book was footed on an extremely thorough sociological survey, conducted in 1963 and in 1967/68, by interview and by ethnographic observation, of the cultural preferences of over 1200 people in Paris, Lille and a small French provincial town (Bourdieu, 1984, p. 503). Examining his sample data, Bourdieu recognized three main zones of orientation legitimate taste, which was most extensive in the educated sections of the leading class middle-brow taste, more extensive among the middle classes and popular taste, prevalent in the working classes (p.17). He characterised lawful taste mainly in terms of what he named the aesthetic disposition to state the absolute primacy of form over function (pp. 28, 30). Artistic and social distinction is consequently inextricably interrelated, he argued The pure paying attention implies a breaking with the ordinary attitude towards the world which, as such, is a social break (p. 31).The popul ar aesthetic, by contrast, is based on the affirmation of continuity between art and life and a deeprooted demand for participation (p. 32). The distinguishing detachment of this pure gaze, Bourdieu argued, is part of a more general disposition towards the gratuitous and the disinterested, in which the affirmation of power over a dominated necessity implies a claim to legitimate superiority over those who remain dominated by ordinary interests and urgencies (pp.556). Bourdieus general sociology had posited that, without exception, all human practices can be treated as economic practices directed towards the maximizing of material or symbolic profi (Bourdieu, 1977, p. 183). Therefore his leaning to view the intelligentsia as self-interested traders in cultural capital. For Bourdieu, it followed that professional intellectuals were best measured as a subordinate fraction of the same social class as the bourgeoisie.Defining the leading class as that possessed of a high overall volume of capital, whatever its source whether economic, social or cultural he located the intellectuals in the dominant class by virtue of their approach to the latter. The dominant class therefore comprises a dominant fraction, the bourgeoisie proper, which excessively controls economic capital, and a dominated fraction, the intelligentsia, which disproportionately controls cultural capital. The most apparently disinterested of cultural practices are thus, for Bourdieu, fundamentally material in character.Even when analysing the more purely creative personic forms of literary activity, the anti-economic economy of the dramatic art of restricted as opposed to large-scale cultural production, he noted how symbolic, long-term profits are ultimately reconvertible into economic profits (Bourdieu, 1993a, p. 54) and how avant-garde cultural practice remained babelike on the possession of substantial economic and social capital (p. 67). Finally, Bourdieu comes to discuss current practices in the visual arts. He sees the current bureaucratization and commercialization of the limited modernist field as a threat to chaste autonomy.He registers with disquiet certain recent developments which put at risk the precious conquests of the elitist artists-the interpenetration of art and money, through new patterns of patronage, the growing dependence of art on bureaucratic control, plus the consecration through prizes or honours of plant life successful merely with the wider public, alongside the long-cycle modernist works hold dear by artists themselves. Bourdieus critique of idealized artistic disinterestedness has been incorrectly reinterpreted as a theory of extensive egoistic domination, not least by the consecrated avant-garde.Bourdieus socio-analysis of the artists has shown, in rancor of charismatic ideology, that in practice the Impressionists and subsequent modernists lived a comfortable existence by the time of their middle age, and that usually gallery owners or dealers sold their works on their behalf, therefore relieving them of attention to the Vulgar needs of material existence. Bourdieu as well accounts for certain recurrent features of the closed worlds of art, for example the social reality of artists struggles over cultural politics, which the spiritualistic account cannot explain.Contrary to the orthodox expectations of sublimated suffering, Bourdieu cites numerous examples where the conflicts between artists over their specifically artistic interests caused open violence the Surrealists fight, in which Andre Breton broke a partner artists arm, is a case in point. Nor did the idealized expectations of art stop numerous cultural producers collaborating with the Vichy regime in the 1940s. In The Rules of Art, Bourdieu resumed many of the themes first broached in Distinction, particularly the role of cultural discernment as a marker of class position.Here he elucidated how Flaubert, Baudelaire and Manet had been critical to the inst itution of an autonomous artistic field of salons, publishing houses, producers, commentators, critics, distributors, and all that and to the establishment of a idea of art for arts sake, which measured legitimacy as disinterestedness. For Bourdieu, the latter concept marked the genesis of the modern artist or writer as a fulltime professional, devoted to ones work in a total and exclusive manner, indifferent to the exigencies of politics and to the injunctions of morality (Bourdieu, 1996, pp.767). This new artistic field had created a zone of autonomy, free from both the market and politics, in its heroic phase, throughout the latter part of the 19th century. But in the twentieth century, Bourdieu argued, modernist art had developed not as a critique of the iron cage of instrumental rationality, however as a function of the power games of the dominant classes, its capacities for critical distance gradually eroded through cooption by both the market and the state education system.Bo urdieu commented analogously interested processes at work in the academic intelligentsia. The academic profession is a competitive struggle for authenticity and cultural distinction, he elucidated, which functions to reproduce the wider structures of social class inequality whether employ to the world, to students, or to academics themselves, academic taxonomies are a machine for transforming social classifications into academic classifications (Bourdieu, 1988, p.207). Afterwards he would stress the central significance of the elite graduate schools, the maintain grandes ecoles, to the power of the French social and economic elite, showing how their credentialism operated as a kind of state magic for a supposedly rationalised society (Bourdieu, 1996, p. 374).Tracing the growing incidence of academic credentials among the chief executives of the top 100 French companies, he concluded that the obvious substitution of academic for property titles in fact performed a vital legitimati ng function company heads no longer appear the heirs to a fortune they did not create, he wrote, but rather the most model(a) of self-made men, appointed by their merits to wield power in the name of competence and intelligence (p. 334).Where the Frankfurt School had worked with a model of theory as overtly critical, Bourdieu tended to have an effect on a quasipositivistic objectivism, in order that the moment of critique was often concealed behind a mask of scientific objectivity. In The Weight of the World, he used a mixture of ethnographic interviews and sociological commentary to mount a stunning condemnation of contemporary utilitarianism in the shape of economic liberalism as creating the preconditions for an unprecedented development of all kinds of ordinary suffering (Bourdieu et al. , 1999).However even here, in his most explicitly engaged work, he still insisted that sociological science could itself uncover the possibilities for action that politics will require explo ring (p. 629). Where the Frankfurt School had conceived of intellectuals as considerably productive of critical sensibility, Bourdieu tended to detect merely material self-interest. This sort of reflexive critique is essential, he argued, to break with the habits of thought, cognitive interests and cultural beliefs bequeathed by several centuries of literary, artistic or philosophical pietism (Bourdieu 2000, p. 7).However such cynicism can easily cause a radical overestimation of the reproductive powers of the social status quo. Even though Bourdieus vocabulary of cultural capital and symbolic profits has sometimes misled his readers, his persistence on the complex motives in artists desire to make a mark does not permit him to forget the very important differences between the artistic field and the field of capitalist power. Bourdieu argues that the characteristic nature of artistic and other cultural fields is that they exist in the form of reciprocal open exchange somewhat than being animated by money.Further, he does not lessen artists to their class position, nor does he deny that artists may certainly be unequaled figures. Indeed, the comparison across the limited and expanded artistic fields sharpens approval of the differences between the autonomous artists and others. The sociological analysis of the artworks, which illustrates how they are necessitated by social dapple and artistic position-taking, can therefore become a piquant sauce which serves to intensify the pleasures of the works. References Bourdieu, P (1977), Outline of a Theory of Practice, trans. R.Nice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ___(1984), Homo academicus, English edn 1988a, Homo Academicus, trans. P. Collier, legislation Press, Cambridge ___(1988), Lontologie politique de Martin Heidegger, English edn 1991b, The Political Ontology of Martin Heidegger, trans. P. Collier, commandment Press, Cambridge ___(1993), Concluding remarks for a sociogenetic understanding of cultu ral works in Bourdieu Critical Perspectives, eds C. Calhoun, E. LiPuma and M. Postone, Polity Press, Cambridge ___(1993a), The Field of Cultural ware Essays on Art and Literature, ed. and introd. R. Johnson, Polity Press, Cambridge___(1996), Sur la television, English edn 1998c, On Television, trans. P. P. Ferguson, New Press, New York ___(1998), Contre-feux. Propos pour servir a la resistance contre linvasion neo-liberale, English edn 1998b, Acts of impedance Against the New Myths of Our Time, trans. R. Nice, Polity Press, Cambridge ___(1998a), La domination masculine, English edn 2001, Masculine Domination, trans. R. Nice, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CT ___and L. Wacquant (1999), On the cunning of imperialist reason Theory, Culture and Society, 16/1 ___ (2000) Pascalian Meditations. Cambridge Polity Press Eder, K (1993). Th

Body Mass Index Essay

physical structure Mass index is a formula that get backs the mass of body fat a person has. This formula is used to determine your weight proportion compared to your height if youre on target, overweight or obese. Today we will use the formula by plugging in my own person-to-person information and determining if I am over weight, on target or obese. To start I plug in the formula BMI=703w/h2. W = weight, H = height. I am 5foot 5 so in the formula my height will be 5.5. After plugging in my info, I multiply 5.5 squared time 5.5 great(p) me the answer 30.25. I then divide 703W by 30.25 H. This then gives me the answer 23.24. Making W 23.24. Which is Equivalent to not being overweight. 703w/5.5(2)703w/30.2523.24wAccording to the graph my inequality fits in between the Compound inequality equation 23 BMI 25 which says Im probably not overweight. I dont agree with this formula for I know for a fact that according to my height I am severely obese. However according to this formula I am probably not over weight. In addition to this the formula only uses your height and weight, it does not determine you fat mass or your musculus build. From going to the gym Ive Learned that muscle weighs a lot more then fat. Which means that with this formula someone in perfect systema skeletale can be assumed to be obese when in fact there in shape.The solutions chart that says whether youre obese, overweight, or perfectly fit is giving in Intervals. The chart gives you a range of numbers from low to high. You determine where your body mass determines by the number of intervals you land on or in between. None of these numbers are to Infinity. The ranges have a start date and end date.In conclusion after plugging in the necessary figures and using the Body Mass Index formula it was determined that this formula gives inaccurateresults. For according to my doctor I am severally over weight and this formula has me look like a super model.

Analysis of Food Dyes in Beverages Essay

Purpose To determine the concentration of dye in a sports drink using spectroscopy and graphical analysis. We will be using beers law to find the unknown concentration of dye in a sports drink. Materials Beakers, 50-mL, 2-3 Test tubes (13 x 100)mm 3-8 FD&C Blue 1 tired solution, 50-mL electron lens tissues Pipets, serological, 10-mL Sample of consumer sports drink, 10-mL Spectrophotometer Test tube rack Procedure1) Preeminently, follow whole laboratory safety guidelines ensuring that you have safety goggles on at all times throughout the lab. 2) Fill the cuvette 2/3 of the expression with water.3) Select the appropriate wavelength on the spectrophotometer.4) Place the cuvette in the spectrophotometer and click the calibrate button.5) Put 5mL of stock solution into test tube.6) Fill the cuvette 2/3 of the way with the first solution.7) Place the cuvette in the spectrophotometer.8) Wait a few seconds and record the absorption on your data table.9) Put 4mL of stock solution and 1mL of water in a test tube to make the second solution.10) Fill the cuvette 2/3 of the way with the second solution.11) Place the cuvette in the spectrophotometer.12) Wait a few seconds and record the absorption on your data table. 13) Put 3mL of stock solution and 2mL of water in a test tube to make the third solution. 14) Fill the cuvette 2/3 of the way with the second solution 15) Place the cuvette in the spectrophotometer.16) Wait a few seconds and record the absorption on your data table. 17) Put 2mL of stock solution and 3mL of water in a test tube to make the ordinal solution 18) Fill the cuvette 2/3 of the way with the fourth solution 19) Place the cuvette in the spectrophotometer.20) Wait a few seconds and record the absorption on your data table. 21) Put 1mL of stock solution and 4mL of water in a test tube to make the fifth solution 22) Fill the cuvette 2/3 of the way with the fifth solution23) Place the cuvette in the spectrophotometer.24) Wait a few seconds and re cord the absorption on your data table. 25) After all data are collected, use them to formulate a graph identifying the linear relationship between absorbency and concentration. Data and CalculationsData recordedConcentration(M)5.634.3443.2882.1721.0860Absorption.462.398.294.186.0820 pissing (mL)012345Stock Solution (mL)543210analogue Regression y = .088x .003A = abca = Molar absorptivityb = Path length of the sample cellc = ConcentrationAbsorbency of Gatorade = 0.1150.115 = (130.000)(1)(c)c = 8.85 x 10-7Conclusion In this experiment, we prepared solutions and used Beers law to analyze the concentration of dye in a beverage. The graph would provide the well-nigh accurate means to determine the concentration of an unknown solution and we know that absorbance measurements are most accurate in the range of A values from 0.2 to 1.0.

Coping Mechanism Against Defence Mechanisms

Not both situations atomic number 18 this functional. Most families bedevil around degree of dysfunction and In repartee the children ramp up some defense force mechanisms to counter realities that feel uncomfortable or threatening. If we grew up with any dysfunction, (I. e. An emotion aloney shaming mother, or a sketchaholic tucker) we found ways to help us man term. The situation bends even much serious when the family-of-origin Is severely dysfunctional, I. e. By being neglectful, or physic wholey, emotionally or sexually abusive.The defense mechanisms that argon and then diligent flummox a matter of emotional (and some periods physical) survival. As children we were dependent and defenseless, so hen unwholesome things happened, our disturbance became overwhelming. In response we created techniques to help us emotionally avoid our childishness reality, I. e. By allowing us to split up from reality, or by believing we had some control. The more unpredictable or hurtful things were, the more we employed these defenses to help us deal with what was unacceptable and frightening.The degree to which we developed these skills determined how emotionally or physically safe we felt. (l encourage you to read a virile and incredibly well-written memoir, The Glass Castle a muniment by Jennet Walls, which decorates some striking examples of h sure-enough(a)ing defenses. ) A child Is listly dependent on their p bents for survival, further clearly this is non authoritative once we leave home and become fissiparous full-growns. However, our childhood experiences still leave an impact on our personality and the choices we make.As an example, if a child is being physically ill-treated by their father, a very helpful defense Is to disassociate that Is to emotionally leave and pretend to be somewhere else. However If that individual continues to use the same defense mechanism when they atomic number 18 an adult, it allow curb their efficacy to function at the highest realistic level. For example the child who was physically abused by their father might, in adulthood, continue using this same defense with a male authority figure and In turn hinder the current relationship.Reacting to our adult reality with sometime(a) child- handle patterns of behavior assumes that we feel as insecure as a child. We would be seeing the dry land through the eyes of our inner child. In addition, when we pro-active, mature way. (Except as I teasingly introduce to some of my clients, that this is a great skill to impart when we ar sitting in a dentist chair having a cavity filled, and deal consciously choose to disassociate. ) 2 As adults it is helpful to convert our childhood defense mechanisms, into mature move skills.Dysfunctional defense mechanisms allow us to avoid reality, time functional coping skills help us deal with reality. The mapping of this article is to discuss some of the defense mechanisms I encounter most freque ntly in adults, and then to describe what constitutes healthy, mature coping skills, as well as how to develop them. at that place are legion(predicate) defense mechanisms considered basic in human psychology. Depending on which text book is being consulted, there are ab break twenty-five. A few of these, along with the definition and an example of all(prenominal) areDenial A thought, feeling or reality is being totally rejected for example, l am non eat too many sweets. Projection Subconscious thoughts or feelings ab let on ourselves that we assign to another for example, l dont like him because he is too materialistic. Rationalization or intellectualized Explanations are created to Justify the situation as in, l know he hurt my feelings, but that is only because he is sick. Regression Old behaviors as resorted to for example, When I go back home, I never argue with my mothers opinion. Isolation of affect A feeling is talked slightly, but all felt, nor seen on the persons face for example, a woman smiles as she says, My husband is of all time late for dinner, but I dont mind, even though she is angry. Minimizing Writing off the feelings as not being important for example, l failed my exam, but its no big deal. Perfectionism Making sure eachthing is done as amendly as possible in the eyes of the other for example, l became a straight A student to get on my fathers ethical side, so he wouldnt abuse me like he does my sister. There are some that are not listed in many text books Control Trying to maintain authority over n issue, in redact to feel safe as in, l do all of the financial training for our family because I dont trust my wife to adhere to the budget I set. Co-dependence Stuffing feelings, thoughts, and learns in orderliness to nourishment the peace and avoid conflict as in, My husband watches TV every night while I clean the kitchen and get the kids ready for bed, but I dont discuss it with him because he will get angry. 3 When I w ork with clients who come from dysfunctional families, they a great deal experience a lot of shame, and fear.In response to these feelings they maintain their old defense mechanisms. I wipe out created this diagram to illustrate what happens when we protect ourselves with dysfunctional defenses The halfway circle represents the core self who we are at birth, our legitimate nature, our essence. When we entered this world we were like pure harsh gems, diamonds in the rough. Then life our parents, living conditions, culture, emotional/physical traumas, diagram represent the negative influences. As hurtful things happened we formed an emotional barrier protecting us from the ons trickt of pain.This protective shield, indicated in the diagram by the black shape, is representative of the defense semantics we built around ourselves, like a sheet of armor. The more dysfunctional, frightening or unsafe our purlieu, the thicker this barrier became. Eventually our defense mechanisms, I. e. Perfectionism and control, became a strong part of our personality, and in turn they became a part of our identity. We experience them as a part of our true self. The reality is that these defenses are a part of our off-key self.For example if we feel defective, and not deserving compared to those around us, we will be vigilant and watch for proof of this belief. We will perplex been conditioned to seem for shaming messages. This protective false self is represented in my illustration by the stripped circles emanating from the core. When our old defenses (and the behaviors associated with them) no daylong work for us, we realize that we are projecting a false self. This is scary, because when we become aware that the us we are presenting to the world is 4 not who we really are, we will (deep down inside) feel like a fraud.What if someone finds out who we really are? For example, if we appear to have everything under control and thrive on perfectionism in order to cover over our shame, we will be terrified that we will be found out. At stolon we may try to shore up our faded by being even more perfect and thus feel more in control. The problem is that eventually we drive outt keep up the facade. Things begin to collapse. The good sore is that when this false self becomes uncomfortable enough, we may decide to change. Lets look at the case of Sandra, who was the youngest child, with an senior brother.As a young girl she watched her brother being physically abused by her father and in like manner witnessed her mother vacillate between ignoring and shaming the brother. Sandra was very smart and observeed to stay under the radar covering fire by being the good girl. She achieved excellent grades and was mothers undersize helper. She never disobeyed nor questioned her parents. As Sandra grew up, she became the teachers pet and always helped her friends as a way to get attention and feel connected. If they inevitable her she felt safe in the relatio nship. She rarely asked for anything for herself.So even if someone hurt her feelings, she kept quiet. Referring to the earlier list of defense mechanisms, she employed denial, minimization, and closing off of affect, perfectionism, control and co-dependence. Sandra married after she obtained her undergraduate degree. She was hired as an elementary school teacher, where she became very favored and held up as an example for other teachers in her department. Sandra was also an excellent wife, effectively employing her ability to look perfect. However she was very co-dependent. Unfortunately her husband also came from a severely dysfunctional family.His primary coping mechanisms were control and narcissism, which he demonstrated by criticizing, shaming and ordering Sandra around. This triggered her subconscious fear that she was defective not as perfect as she pret finish to be. Because of her co-dependence she neither www. Vivaciousness. Com, by Dry. Richard Grossman who writes abou t becoming voiceless as a defense mechanism. ) As time went on, Sanders professional pressure increased and her emotional stability became shaky. Her faded of perfectionism, and having it all together crumbled.She became exhausted because she couldnt keep up the perfect pace she couldnt run any faster. Feeling like a fraud, she became very depressed. She was terrified that if she werent seen as perfect, and didnt do what others wanted, they wouldnt like her. Then they would leave, and she would be alone. An underlying touch on in the perpetuation of all defense mechanisms is the fear of being emotionally and/or physically abandoned. During therapy Sandra completed that she had been using several defense mechanisms from her childhood that were no longer serving her. They were in 5 concomitant getting in her way.Her core self had been buried underneath her need to please. These defensive attributes became so well-known(prenominal) that she thought of them as a part of her true se lf. In fact they were only a clothe that she hid behind. Once her mask no longer worked, she saw that the way she had constructed her life was at sis. Sandra needed to develop new coping skills to help her not only survive, but to thrive. Discovering and developing our true Self, requires that we develop new coping skills. Fortunately this is a process that is never complete because as we grow older everything keeps changing.I say fortunately because I think challenge and change make life interesting. We are never world-weary when we continue the emotional growth process. Yet, Just because we become aware of our old defense mechanisms, it is impossible to straight off strip them away and substitute them with new and more functional skills. To do so would make us feel too vulnerable. Sanders task in therapy was to gently and slowly substitute her old behaviors with new ones. She needed to go against new and healthy ways to cope with an unpredictable world.In doing so Sandra also wanted to discover who she really was at the core of her being her feelings, needs, interests, truths, and her mission in life. In short, she wanted to uncover the true Self behind that old mask. Remember that while defense mechanisms helped us cope as children, they become dysfunctional when we are adults, because they obscure our inner and outer awareness of reality, and thus impede the development of our true Selves. For example how could we possibly develop an intimate relationship if we use denial, projection and co-dependence as ways to cope? It wont work.Going back to Sandra, her beside mission was to develop stronger, more authentic ways of being. She first needed to learn what her truth was what gave her pleasure, what she needed, believed in, valued, felt, etc. and then to speak her truth as a way to honor and validate her core self. As it turned out, Sandra was tired of being voiceless and a people pleaser. Over time, she ended up revamping her entire life. There are many stories illustrating defense mechanisms. For example Neal, who was so spoiled by his quilt-ridden mother that his defense was to become egocentric and felt entitled to anything he wanted.What he wanted was total control. The world was there to serve him. His fantasy of control evaporated blamed the doctors for not fixing him. Over time he mellowed, and learned to be gentler with both others and himself. Another example would be the case of Elizabeth who turned to drugs and disappeared from her family for a number of years. She coped by being in denial about her fearful/angry feelings, hiding out by sing drugs and alcohol, and running from one place to another (a geographic cure). Eventually she became 6 tired of running, admitted herself into an excellent rehab program, and found a Job so she could support herself.Then there was Tim, the latch-key child. Both of his prosperous professional parents worked long hours. This left Tim to his own devices after school, but he learne d to accumulate friends and be the center of attention by being the class clown. He made everything into a Joke, and as he grew up his Jokes took the form of sarcastic humor. He had no idea how to relate on an adult level. This histrionically behavior kept him from finding a woman who would take him seriously, or who would trust him. Tim eventually starve more and after going though counseling was able to start dating. Many people have no idea who they really are.People who have not learned healthy coping skills can often act honestly for a brief period of time, but they cant hold onto it. Look what happens to people who have affairs. They can act as if they are perfect and hold together a faded because they are not living intimately with the other. Once they do move in together, the dark side of their old defense mechanisms often comes out. For a great read about the shadow side, I exceedingly recommend The Dark Side of the Light Chasers, by Debbie Ford. ) HEALTHY COPING SKILLS A s mature individuals we need coping skills that face reality head-on.So, how do we develop these mature coping skills, especially when life continually slings arrows at us whether in the form of illness, accidents, betrayals, traumas, or Just the influence of a toxic environment? The older we become, the more we will experience these arrows of misfortune. The good news is that now as independent beings, we have many more options. There are many national ways to cope with the on-slot of hurtful arrows coming at us from all angles, so it is to our benefit to develop as many of these cocksure coping skills as we can.Just think how freeing it would be to no longer hide behind a mask, but to act in response to our unique truths. There are many positive and empowering coping skills to choose from, which include developing and trusting our intuition, employing our creativity, learning to be light on our feet, increasing our ability to surrender, thinking positively, experiencing gratitud e, being proactive not reactive, and speaking our truth with compassion. It also helps us to cope when we have defined the meaning and purpose of our lives, and are making conscious choices reflecting this purpose. L have written about some of these in previous Pathways articles. These include Developing Intuition September 1997, Living as a Creative Visionary I & II Surrender December 2002, and The Control Fantasy 7 September 2001 . ) There are many functional coping skills that allow us to be our authentic selves, by slice and shaping that raw, uncut gem of the core self, into the beautiful rare, unique gem of the true Self. However in my mind there is one important coping skill that stands out above others and that is the ability to be self- aware.If we do not have selfsameness, and thus are unaware of our old, dysfunctional defense mechanisms, then how can we possibly convert them into something new and positive? We cannot and will not. So, how do we develop self- awareness? T here are helpful techniques we can use, including meditation (both through the forms of stillness and movement), dream analysis, watching for synchronicity signs, talking with trust family members and friends, individual and/ r group therapy, or by engaging in spontaneous creative acts of writing, painting, music, and dance.Personally, I love to watch for synchronicity signs, and feel energize when something synchronicity (a simultaneous occurrence with meaning) occurs while I am writing about a particular subject. On this occasion, I was psychoanalytically sent a powerful essay illustrating the use of healthy coping mechanisms. This essay was written by 16 year old Sarah Dubos, about Mackenzie, a 10 year old who has a rare disease that doesnt allow her to keep any food down and so she must obtain sustenance through a eating tube.Sarah, the author who has the same illness, shows us that we do not have to be of any particular age to understand and employ the benefits of positive co ping skills. Sarahs insightful essay is printed here, in full, with her permission. Finding knockout I have found it. What we are eternally searching for, grasping for, in life. I sight what it elbow room to be truly beautiful. Change your clothes, hair, or make up if you wish, but beauty is not thrifty by what you see on the surface. Shopping at the best stores with the most expensive clothing does not result in becoming beautiful.Your popularity and your amount of friends reveal only how well you fit into a mold. Beauty does not lie within these things. When afflicted with a severe stomach disease, I met a little girl named Mackenzie in the hospital. With long blonde hair and sharp emerald green eyes her features were small but her personality was so big. In the early stages of my disease, I saw this diminutive spit-fire blonde in the hallway, I was getting yet another test done and she was in the hospital for more extensive work. twain weeks later I was surprised to find her again two doors down from me when we both became inpatients.I found her in the game room, playing connect four with her mom and laughing. I came in and sat down next to her, our 8 matching IV poles side by side. As the minutes passed by we chatted about everything from our stomachs to shopping, I began to like this audacious little girl more and more. Before the hospital discharged us, we exchanged email addresses and the bright blues and pinks on the card she gave me were a welcome contrast from the stark hospital walls. end-to-end the next year as our symptoms worsened from the disease we shared, our bond strengthened and I was continually stupefied at he strength ands courage of this small girl.Although going through hell, shed always manage to laugh at the terrible things going on and held such maturity and perspective about her illness that was altogether unexpected for a girl her age. She entertained me with funny anecdotes about feeding tubes and hospital stays and we ga ve each other the strength needed to get through our rough times. Every triumph of Genies became my triumph too, and every setback Just another reason to talk more often. One day I accepted an email it was a picture of Junkie, her feeding tube routing from her nose, holding up the furry brown stand up I sent her with a huge smile on her face.At that moment it became clear to me what beauty is. The sorrow behind her eyes told her story but the smile on her face showed her bravery. My realization was immediate. Beauty is not the color of your skin, nor the outfit you choose to wear. Your beauty cant be determined from a number on the scale, or the color of your hair. Its the smile on your face and the story behind your eyes. The scars of your past and your dreams for the future. To fall into step with a friend as you walk hand in hand, to pretend promises are never broken.Beauty is to find the great in the terrible, its the tears from our sadness and the laughter from our Joy. In t he most unexpected way I discovered a lesson I hadnt intended on learning. No magazine or book could teach me this lesson. that a little 10 year old girl showed me what it meant to be truly beautiful. Sarah and Mackenzie both illustrate as young and yet very wise individuals the power of employing healthy coping mechanisms. Their demonstration of self-awareness, twin with humor, creativity, courage, friendship, honesty and a positive attitude, illustrates the potent effects of healthy popping mechanisms.I believe John Donahue, an Irish priest, poet, and philosopher, who passed away this January, would have appreciated Sarahs essay. Donahue wrote several inspiring books, and among them is Beauty. On his website (which I encourage you to check out) is the essay, reflectance from Contrary. In it he wrote, It takes us so long to see where we are. It takes us even longer to see who 9 we are. This is why the greatest gift you could ever dream is a gift that you can only receive from one person. And that person is yourself. Life will continue to present read challenges for all of us.

Nazi police unit

In Ordinary Men, Christopher Browning uses the example of one particularly cruel Nazi police unit in occupied Poland to explain how a group of seemingly typical individuals could participate in some of World War IIs bruise atrocities. By examining the motley reactions they showed as they carried out their orders, Browning rejects the most parking lot argu manpowerts as to why they complied with the Final radical and asserts that a combination of factors motivated ordinary men to perish mass murderers.Reserve natural law coterie ci, a unit of the German Order Police (or Orpo), played a significant role in the Final Solution by serving as an occupation force in eastern Europe, rounding up Jews and policy-making enemies of the Nazis, helping comport them to labor and death camps, and bug outing over 38,000 Jews between early 1942 and the end of 1943 (191). Its ranks grew from 56,000 in 1933, when the Nazis assumed control and created an extra tier of internal security, to over 300,000 by 1942, when the Final Solution was utilise (4-7).Browning makes clear that the unit, which formed in Hamburg in early 1942, was not comprised of fanatical Nazis, rabid anti-Semites, or marginal members of society. The officers were mainly middle-class merchants and professionals (with some party members and only two members of the SS among them), while the ranks comprised blue-collar men who were not devout Nazis. Clearly, the men who committed mass murder were not marginal, violent criminals but solid citizens who were someway transformed. The Community (Battalion 101)The face packs early operating theatres reveal its ambivalence nearly its mission in Poland. The units commander, Major Wilhelm Trapp, initially anguished over the orders to kill rather than simply deport Polish Jews, and its first major atrocity, the Jozefow Massacre of 13 July 1942, was hardly a coldly efficient operation by steely-nerved Nazis. The event, in which a Polish villages 300 able-bodi ed Jewish men were deported to a labor camp while its 1,500 Jewish women, children, and elderly were gunned down, handled it inefficiently and with significant emotional division.Beset by drinking and sloppy methods, the unit took frequently of the day to carry out their orders and was initially ambivalent round the entire premise of their mission. Trapp even gave his troops the choice to refrain from the killing, which twelve did over the next year, about twenty percent of the unit either never killed Jews or initially did but stopped. Browning remarks that the some who bowed out did so for a variety of reasons.They were so unprepared for the mission that they found it easier to discover orders than to think about their actions many feared being labeled as cowards or weak by refusing to kill the unarmed and, though a few(prenominal) claimed to be avowed anti-Semites, they had at least accepted the assimilation of the Jews into the painting of the enemy . . . that was killing German women and children by bombing Germany (73).Trapp adapted to his mens emotional snake pit by sending much smaller groups to kill, avoiding the division and discord and thus making Battalion 101 a more efficient killing operation. Another of its operations, a massacre at Lomazy on 17 August 1942, proved Trapps wisdom the units Second Company, with help from Hiwis (Slavic collaborators with the Nazis), slaughtered 1700 Jews in much less time than the Jozefow killings took.Browning comments, Like much else, killing was something one could get used to (85). Gradually, many of Battalion 101s members became desensitized and some, like brutal, heavy-drinking Lieutenant Hartwig Gnade, actually came to enjoy their role as murderers. Even the worst were not monolithic Nazi madmen they were still essentially normal men who struggled with their consciences but ultimately chose to become monsters.Still, despite the units large number of murders and increasing prowess at killing, it was n ever completely united and some members, like Lieutenant Heinz Buchmann (a pseudonym, which Browning uses for many of the principal figures), made no recondite of their opposition to their actions, but Trapp never disciplined him, even giving Buchmann a transfer and a lucky recommendation later in the war. Also, some of the enlisted men refused to participate, facing some indirect punishments like teasing and unpleasant duties, though none faced serious disciplinary action for their dissent.Browning writes, As long as there was no shortage of men willing to do the murderous job at hand, it was much easier to accommodate Buchmann and the men who emulated him than to make trouble over them (103). In his final chapters, Browning makes clear that the battalions members did not consider their actions monstrous they simply considered it a matter of following orders, and a few even thought that the Jews brought their fate on themselves by accepting it so passively.Others believed that murdering unsuspecting victims was humane, be earn a fast(a) death without the agony of anticipation was considered an example of human compassion (155). When trying to find reasons for why much(prenominal) seemingly average men without violent histories had become such bloodthirsty, ruthless killers, the author weighs the most common of historians claims (racism, excessive obedience, the role of propaganda, wars brutalization, and the bureaucratic division of labor) and argues that none was alone sufficient to cause the units transformation.Instead, he implies that those factors combination, along with what author Primo Levi deemed a gray zone of ambiguity which radiates out from regimes based on terror and obsequiousness (187), allowed otherwise normal individuals to be transformed into murderers and it could peradventure happen again to another group of equally ordinary men. REFERENCES Browning, Christopher R. Ordinary Men Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York HarperCollins, 1992.