Western Heritage 8th Edition

Brittney Henley Pd. 2A Chapter 12 Age of Religious Wars Key Topics -War between Calvinists and Catholics in France. -The Spanish occupation of the Nether stains. -Struggle for supremacy between England and Spain. -The devastation of Central atomic number 63 during the xxx Years War. Vocabulary Notes Counter Reformation- A movement within the capital of Italy Renewed Religious Struggle Catholic Church that sought to ameliorate the stay of Augsburg (1555)- A characters rule would determine its religion, However it church and cope with Protestantism. did non recognize Non Lutheran Protestants Geneva became a refuge for persecuted Protestants and an foreign school for Baroque Art- 3 dimensional display of life and protestant leaders energy. Politiques- Ruler who urged tolerance and french Wars of faith moderation and via media on religious matters Anti-Protestant Measures and the struggle for political military group French Protestants atomic number 18 kno w as Huguenots. They were persecuted by the French, when fairy Charles of Germany / Spain captured Huguenots- French Protestants. Frances King. To conciliate King Charles, France persecutes the Huguenots in the hopes of gaining the freedom of the King of France. revise of FontainebleauSubjected French Protestants to the hunt France remain hostile to the protestants until King Henry of Navarre gains the throne 3 competing instalment for the Kings (Francis II) ear in France Bourbons- power in the south and west Montmorency-Chatillons- controlled the sharpen of France Guises- dominate in eastern France / Strongest power and had more influence everyplace the queen mole rat due to family connection Bourbons and Montmorency-Chatillons developed strong Huguenot sympathies Conspiracy of Amboise (1560) Bourbons and Montmorency-Chatillons plan to kidnap the king of France (Frances II) Appeal of Calvinism Huguenots were in important geograp hic areas and were to a great extent represented among the more powerful segments of French society. They wanted to establish reign with in France. Catherine De Medici and the Guises Catherine mformer(a) to 15 year sure-enough(a) Frances II becomes the trustee of France upon the death of her husband Henry II. On the death of Frances II her younger son Charles IX becomes king where she resides as regent. Catherine fears the power of the Guiles family and sought alliances with the Protestants. She issues the January Edict which allows protestants freedom to worship publicly outside of towns. Duke of Guise surprised a protestant congregation at Vassy, Champagne and massacred the worshipers.This is the beginning of the French wars of Religion March 1562 Peace of backer-Germain-en-Laye (1570) Ended the thirty year war, the crown acknowledging the power of the Protestant nobility, granted Huguenots religious freedoms within their territory. Catherine fearing the mounting power of the other two families and Protestants she Coligny leader of the Huguenots, Charles IX mostcultivates the support of the Guise. trusted advisor. The holy person Bartholomews Day Massacre Catherine tried to have Coligny assassinated by a bullet.Fearing the fallout from the attempt, she convinces King Charles that the Huguenots were attempting to attack Paris On Saint Bartholomews Day August 24, 1572, Coligny and 3000 Huguenots were massacred in Paris. Within 3days another 20,000 were penalise The Rise to Power of Henry Navarre Henry III sought the essence ground and gained support from a growing body of Protestant unsusceptibility Theory neutral Catholics and Huguenots. John Knox- wrote First Blast of the Trumpet Peace of Beaulieu ( may 1576)- granted the Huguenots almost complete religious and against the Terrible Regiment of Women cultivated freedom. It was later recanted because of political pressure of th e Catholic -He declared removal of a heathen tyrant was compact. Both religious orders pick up arms. permissible Henry Navarre led the Protestant army. Henry III brother-in-law) Francois Hotman- wrote Franco-Gallia -Humanist argument that deterrent example Estate Day of the Barricades Henry III surprise attack on the Catholic unify (Spain General held more authority then the French king Supported) and failed. Henry then assassinated the Duke and Cardinal of Guise. Reprisal from the League was violent causing Henry III to join forces with Henry Theodore Beza- wrote On the indemnify of Magistrates Navarre. Henry III was killed Henry IV (Navarre) is the next successor to the everywhere their Subjects throne. -Permissible for lower authorities to over thumb tyrannical formulas Protestant as king, the League wants France to be Catholic but politically weak so Spain sends in forces to help achieve this goal in hopes of putting his fille Philippe du Pless(pren ominal)is Mornay- Defense of Liberty on the throne. Against Tyrants The French rallied behind their king disbanding the League and outing the Spanish. -Princes, Nobles and magistrates are guardians Henry IV turns Catholic.Ending the war of religion in France and to take up arms against tyranny in other land Edict of Nantes Pro consumeed a formal religious settlement it recognize minor religions in an official Catholic country Treaty of Vervins -ended aversion between France and Spain Imperial Spain and the Reign of Philip II Gold Silver and gold were being imported from Spains colonies in the New World. The increased riches and population in large cities in Europe triggered inflation. Fewer jobs, less food, wages stagnated and greater coinage in circulation while prices increased. The Revolt in the Netherlands- Antoine Perrenot- Cardinal Granvelle. Perrenot hoped to break the local autonomy of the Netherlands providences and establish a alter royal government directed from Madrid, and religious conformity to Catholic. Granvelle proceeded to reorganize the Netherlands. William of capital of the Bahamas (Prince of Orange) & Count of Egmont organized the Dutch nobility in opposition, which had Granvelle removed from component The Compromise- Margaret (Regent of Spain) spurned the protesters. Leads them to call for aid and rebel against Spain however the nobility does not support the rebellion. Duke of Alba-sent to the Netherlands to gain control back. He had several thousand surmise heretics publicly executed. He then taxed the people of Netherlands to pay for the suppressing of the revolt. Pacification of Ghent- November 4 1576 Spanish mercenaries ran amok in Antwerp killing 7000 people in the streets known as the Spanish fury. Pacification of Ghent (November 8, 1575)- Catholic regions and Protestant regions in the Netherlands unified to oppose Spain. Perp etual Edict- provided for removal of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands within 20 days. Netherlands Independence- King of Spain Phillip II declared William of Orange an outlaw. declination 1580 William of Orange publicly denounced Phillip as a Heathen and tyrant and should not be obeyed. Known as The Apology. Peace of Westphalia in 1648 Netherlands is fully recognized England and Spain 1553-1603 pic Jane Grey (granddaughter to Henry), 3rd faerie bloody shame I reign lasted 5 years Edward VI died. Lady Jane Grey tried to ascend to throne. bloody shame Tudor was the rightful heir. Grey-9 days Queen then beheaded. Mary marries Prince Philip II of Spain. Mary Had Parliament repeal the Protestant laws.Mary Decreed all of England Catholic, destroy Protestant leaders at the stake. Dies 1558 The Compromise A solemn toast to resist the Elizabeth I takes throne 1558 decrees of Trent and the Inq uisition. Daughter of Henry and half sister to Mary. Advisor William Cecil. Passed laws for religious toleration Act of Supremacy 1559- Repealing all anti-Protestant principle of Mary Tudor. Phillip II seeks marriage with Elizabeth. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots seeks England throne. Supporters claim Elizabeth is illegitimate. Queen of Scots is the granddaughter to Henry the VIIIs sister Margaret. increase French and Catholic. Deterioration of Relation with Spain Spanish Duke of Alba (1547)- marched troops into the Netherlands England sees this as a threat due its close proximity to England. Elizabeth allows pirating of Spanish vessels. Mary Queen of Scots Elizabeth executes Mary Queen of Scotts (second cousin) for plotting against the crown. Marys husband is killed by her lover, who is acquitted, and then marries Mary. This causes outrage from her people. Mary surrenders her throne to her one year old son James VI, who later beco mes Elizabeths heir to throne. The pope exculpate Spain to invade England for the killing of Mary who was their hope to turn England Catholic The Armanda May 30 1587 -130 ships with 25,000 sailors sent to invade England. Spain wanted the ships to dock in France originally continuing the invasion. France prohibits the ships from leaving and a fog roles in around the channel. England has payoff and wins. Thirty Year War Preconditions for War Germany = Holly Rome Germany consists of 360 autonomous entities. for each one had its own tolls, taxes, coins and religion, making it difficult to travel and do business quartet Periods of War- Bohemian (1618-1625) Swedish (1630-1635) Danish (1625-1629) Swedish-French (1635-1648) Bohemian Period- Ferdinand ascends to the throne and wants to return the region to Catholicism. He lifts the religious freedoms of the Bohemian Protestants. Defenestration of Prague- Protestant nobility in Prague throw Ferdinand IIIs regents out of window in reaction to the revoke of religious freedoms. They did not die, landed on manure which cushioned their fall. Ferdinand was managed to subordinate the Protestants and re-Catholicize Bohemian Danish Period- (1625-1629) Lutheran King Christian IV of Demark picks up Protestant banner-invades Germany and loses. Ferdinand attacks Demark and breaks Protestant resistance. Causes fear among all Protestants. Edict of Restitution in 1629- Calvinism is illegal and orders the return of all church lands acquired by the Lutherans. The Swedish Periods (1630-1635) Gustavus Adolphus king of Sweden Was a unified Lutheran nation, bankrolled by France, an wished to keep the Habsburg armies tied down pat(p) in Germany. Adolphus won several battles due to a lighter army and better weapons. Adolphus is killed on the battlefield. Peace of Prague in 1635- majority of the Protestants states reac hed a compromise with Ferdinand, barring the Swedes Peace of Prague plunged them into the fourth war. The Swedish-French Period (1635-1648) The French join the war in 1635. Dragged on for 13 years with Spanish, French and Swedish soldiers loot Germany. About 1/3 of the German population died as a direct result of the war. Treaty of Westphalia- The Treaty of Westphalia 1648 -brought all hostilities within the set apart Roman Empire to an end.Ended Edict of Restitution and reasserted the Peace of Augsburg, which allows each ruler to determine its religion. German princes become supreme over their principalities. Summary From Martin Luthers death in 1546 until the middle of the seventeenth century, European life was predominate by religiously and politically godlike violence. France descended into nearly 50 years of civil war before emerging with a united monarchy down the stairs the terms of the Edict of Nantes in 1598. Spain escaped c ivil strife and remained unwaveringly Catholic.Spains American empire provided immense wealth, but Spain failed to subdue Protestant nationalism in the Netherlands and suffered defeat of its Armada naval fleet at the hold of the English. As a result, Spains position in international affairs declined. Unlike the French, the English managed to avoid civil war under the inspired leadership of Queen Elizabeth I. In Germany, the original center of the Reformation, Lutherans and Catholics had come to defend each other. But in the early seventeenth century the unorthodox compromises collapsed. The resulting free-for-all, known as the Thirty Years War (16181648), consumed much of Europes energies until it was resolved in the Peace of Westphalia. Elizabeth I 4th, Queen Mary I 2nd, Queen Edward VI 1st, King Henry VIII King