Properties of Carbon Dioxide Vapour

Properties of blow Dioxide VapourGreenhouse acceleratores in global warmingThe nursery effect is necessary for Earth to regulate its temperature. water supply vapour (H2O), speed of light dioxide ( carbon dioxide) methane (CH4), nitrous dioxide (N2O) and ozone (O3) are some of the gases that contribute to it. These gases are molecules that are make up of more than 2 component atoms. They vibrate upon absorbing thermic infrared radiotherapy and then re-radiate excess brawniness in whole directions. As the Earths surface is now pepperinessed by both the emitted radiation and sunlight, temperature increases and thus causing the greenhouse effect.Common Greenhouse GasesGreenhouse imprint Greenhouse Gas AtmosphericAbsorption Region on electromagnetic (m)Water vapour (H2O)957600 ppmv0.8 -10Carbon dioxide (CO2)3.618401 ppmv2.6, 4, 13Methane (CH4)0.3601780 ppbv3.5 8 nitrous oxide (N2O)0.95320 ppbv5, 8Ozone (O3)0.07228 ppbv0.1-0.3, 9As shown in the table above, water vapour (H2O) contributes the most to the greenhouse effectWhen temperature increases, air humidity increases as well which is ordained water vapour feedback. This al scurvys a higher concentration of CO2 in the breeze thus further enhancing the warming effect of other greenhouse gases.Carbon dioxide (CO2) contributes rather a fair amount to the greenhouse effect. thank to human activities like deforestation, land use changes and burning of fossil fuel, the atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased by about 120ppm since the Industrial conversion began, which is more than a third.With an absorption region of 3.5-8 microns on the electromagnetic spectrum, methane (CH4) is elan more active than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas. Its greenhouse effect contribution is small due to its low atmospheric concentration. existence in a similar absorption spectrum as H2Oalso masks methanes contribution as work might have been done by H2O already.Nitrous oxide(N2O) is typically formed with produc tion of nitric acid, combustion of fossil fuel, agriculture sector and burning of . Even though N2O has a low atmospheric concentration, it still contributes a decent amount to the greenhouse effect. This is because it is up to about 300 times stronger as a greenhouse gas than CO2.As ozone (O3) has various concentration at antithetical parts of the atmosphere and has a short lifespan, it is hard to gauge the contribution of the troposphere ozone layer. Ozone generally does not affect much of the greenhouse effect anyway.Lewis Structures of CO and CO2Carbon Monoxidea) Rotational Constant, BTaking largest B = 2.04 and smallest B = 1.51 ,b) Bond Length, bReduced mass of carbon monoxideSince literature prize for bond length, b = 113pm lies within the range of , and the hesitation of reckon bond length apprize is insignificant compared to the calculated foster itself, the calculated time value can be said to be quite accurate.c) Vibrational Wavenumber,Distance of first through in P branch from 2050 cm-1= (5.45 0.05) cmDistance of first through in R branch from 2050 cm-1= (5.72 0.05) cmTaking smallest = 2135 and largest = 2143,d) Force Constant, ke) Molar Zero-Point Vibrational Energy, Carbon DioxideRotational Constant, Taking smallest = 0.302 cm-1 and largest = 0.46 cm-1,Since literature value for = 0.390 lies within the range of , and the uncertainty of calculated bond length value is insignificant compared to the calculated value itself, the calculated value can be said to be quite accurate.Vibrational ModesCO2 is a elongate molecule with 3 atoms. Therefore, it has 3 translational modes, 2 rotational modes, and 3N-5 = 4 vibration modes 1 symmetric stretch, 1 asymmetric stretch and 2 bending modes. The mode at 667 cm-1 is said to be twofold omit because the 2 bending motions are essentially the same, just deforming in contrary coordinate directions.Exclusion Rule no modes can be both infrared and Raman active for a molecule with a middle of symm etry. CO2 has a centre of symmetry therefore relevant to the rule.For infrared spectroscopy, the 2 bending and the asymmetric stretching modes can be observed. This is because these modes induce a dipole change in their motions. For Raman spectroscopy, symmetric bending can be seen. This is because when the O atoms move away from the centre C atom in an equal remoteness, the electron density cloud changes with the change in coat of molecule, thus causing a change in polarizability.Bond Length, b Force Constant, kSince literature value for lies within the range of (119.612.5)pm, and the uncertainty of calculated bond length value is insignificant compared to the calculated value itself, the calculated value can be said to be quite accurate.For symmetric stretch, k CO2 2. Heat CapacityMolar constant-volume heat capacityFor CO2 Translational modes, , Vibrational modes, ,Rotational mode, Total cozy energy, At very high temperatures, the theoretical maximum internal energy = as all modes are activated at that point.Max. constant-volume heat capacity,However, at low temperatures not all rotational and vibrational modes are active.Contributions of different modes at low temperaturesRotational ModesRotational temperature, Vibrational ModesVibrational temperature, cruciate stretch () Bending modes () Asymmetric stretch () Graph of against T win over molar constant-volume heat capacity to molar constant-pressure heat capacity with holy man Gas equity , (R = ideal gas constant)The graph for experimental and calculated data is the same until around T=1600K where the 2 lines diverge with the experimental data to be higher than calculated data. This shows that the perfection Gas Law only applies to relatively low temperatures. Kinetic Theory of Gases and LiquidsMean discontinue path of CO2Mean free path average distance travelled by molecules between collisionsRate of collision , Collision crosswise (area covered by a molecule and within which the pre sence if the centre of another molecule counts as a collision)Collisions happen at 90o angles on average, pissed speed = 8.viscosity of CO2 vapourNewtons Law of Viscosity Newtons 2nd Law Force = rate of change of nervous impulseFrom unwavering at 0 from plane mean flow velocity = mean momentum of Roughly1/6th of the molecules move in the +z direction.Number of molecules go in 0 from per unit time = rate of momentum = Rate of momentum entering 0 from = . By calculating the difference between the two rates, net rate of the momentum transported across the plane at 0, and by using , the viscosity, can be estimated. 8 (mean velocity), (path length)Viscosity is predicted to be proportional to the agora root of temperature and independent of density.Liquefaction in a condenser9Modify the Ideal Gas Law to obtain Van der Waals Equation of State.References1 https//climate.nasa.gov/causes/ (accessed 14th establish 20172 Greenhouse Gas Absorption Spectrum (n.d.) functional fr omhttp//www.meteor.iastate.edu/gccourse/forcing/spectrum.html (accessed 14th March 2017)3 Barrett Bellamy mood Greenhouse Gas Concentrations (n.d.) available from http//www.barrettbellamyclimate.com/page22.htm (accessed 15th March 2017)4 Monte Hieb (2015) Water Vapor Rules the Greenhouse System. gettable from http//www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/greenhouse_data.html5 Project Learn at http//www.ucar.edu/ assure at the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) https//www.ucar.edu/learn/1_3_1.htm (accessed 15/3/2017)6 Barrett Bellamy Climate Greenhouse Gas Spectra (n.d.) available from http//www.barrettbellamyclimate.com/page15.htm (accessed 15/3/2017)7 NIST hackneyed Reference Database 101 (September 2015) Listing of experimental data for CO2 (Carbon dioxide) Available from http//cccbdb.nist.gov/exp2.asp?casno=124389 Accessed 10 Mar 20168 Dr Joao Cabral (n.d.) Properties of Matter Lecture Notes. Department of Chemical Engineering, imperial beard College London9 Steve 2010 T he Freezing Point and The Dew Point Part 2 available from https//stevengoddard.wordpress.com/2010/09/05/the-freezing-point-and-the-dew%C2%A0point-part-2/